Pulse oximeters give an estimated oxygen saturation level value. Several research studies and an FDA 2021 safety communication have found that certain physical traits, including but not limited to darker skin pigmentation and melanin, may make the oxygen level estimated value appear higher than it actually is. Users are strongly recommended to establish a baseline value when healthy and at rest. It is recommended that users consult a licensed healthcare provider or professional on how to interpret user readings based on physical traits or characteristics.